Long Run Aggregate Supply curve

Question: Talk about the Long Run Aggregate Supply bend. Answer: Presentation The conversation will fundamentally concentrate on long haul macroeconomic balance since it licenses business analyst to see the full scale economy upon complete alteration of market is figured it out. This harmony will be useful in clarifying why a stable monetary balance needs the activity of the economy at the yield level whereby the drawn out total gracefully bend, total interest bend, and transient total flexibly bend all are meeting. A balance is steady just at whatever point the economy is pained whereupon it depends and therefore continues to the underlying area that is such upheaval in harmony becomes self-adjusting for the underlying balance to be reestablished. As explained over, the normal degree of business takes places at a point in which genuine compensation change in accordance with make the measure of work requested matches that of work provided. Where the economy hits its full business level, it achieves its conceivable yield level. Along these lines, the genuine GDP eventually moves to conceivable since compensation just as costs expect adaptabilities. Since a long time ago Run Aggregate Supply bend (LRASC) The LRASC partners the yield level created by firms to the degree of cost over the long haul. As showed in the figure 1 (b) underneath (normal business and LRAS, the bend is an opposite line at the conceivable yield level of the economy. A singular pay exist whereby work hits the full level. In figure 1 (an), exclusively a genuine pay of e produces characteristic business Le. The economy may, by and by, achieve such a genuine compensation with the vastly immense arrangement of ostensible pay just as value level blends (Dietl et al., 2012). Assuming, for example, that balance genuine pay is 1.50, this may be accomplished with an ostensible pay level of 1.50 alongside value level of 1. The figure beneath in this manner shows that where the economy hits its normal work level in board (a) where request crosses flexibly bend for work, it achieves the conceivable yield, as demonstrate in board (b) by the opposite LRASC at Yp. In the long, in this way, the characteristic business level close by likely yield of the economy at any degree of cost. This reasoning give financial specialists the LRASC. LRASC with a solitary yield level stays an opposite line at conceivable level pf yield, Yp. Harmony Levels of Output and Price over the long haul The harmony value level and genuine GDP in long haul are dictated by the convergence purpose of the long haul ADC and LRASC. Figure 2 underneath depicts an economy over the long haul harmony. The genuine GDP becomes $12,000.0 billion yearly though the degree of cost is 1.140 given AD1 and LRASC (Khoo et al., 2014). Where AD ascends to AD2, the drawn out harmony will restore at genuine GDP of $12,000.0 billion yearly, be that as it may, a flooded degree of cost of 1.180 is recorded. In the event that AD decays to AD3, the drawn out harmony will stay unaltered at genuine GDP of $12,000.0 billion for every annum, in any case, at declined level of cost of 1.1. The above figure depicts AD-AS model with the hub of the long haul AS bend, the drawn out AD bend and present moment AS bend are altogether converging to give the degree of balance cost close by balance yield level. Total interest bend remains the primary foundation of movements in economy since it is the one influenced by shoppers for outside and nearby, and the administration spending (Krugman, 2015). By and large, any approach of expansionary nature will move the AD bend outwards though any strategy of contractionary size will move the AD bend inwards. In long haul, on the grounds that the since a long time ago run AS stays consistent by the factor inputs, short-run AS will move inwards therefore exclusively change impact in AD is a modification in value level as demonstrated as follows. An expansionary strategy can be utilized to clarify the purpose for this crossing point of since a long time ago run AS, since a long time ago run AD and short-run AS. Where the short-tern AS alongside short-run AD meets give is a momentary harmony while where the long haul AS alongside since quite a while ago run AD meets depicts long haul balance (Solow, 2012). Henceforth, an investigation starts with a since quite a while ago run balance. Presently accept we have a steady economy and that Fed follows a strategy of expansionary money related nature. In this situation, AD circular segment will move outwards to AD2 from AD1. The meeting purpose of since quite a while ago run AS1 and AD2 has then lifted to higher zone to point B from A. At point B, level of cost just as yield have enhanced consequently the brand new transient harmony. Be that as it may, in a steady economy working at maximum capacity, as one moves to long haul, the anticipated degree of cost lines up with genuine degree of cost as representatives, makers just as firms adjust their desire. At whatever point the above occurs, the present moment AS circular segment will move lengthways the AD ebb and flow till the long haul AS ebb and flow, present moment AS ebb and flow and AD bend all interconnect as brought up by C. This is modern balance whereby the short-run AS2 approaches the long haul AS bend and AD2 (Pesaran, 2014). Subsequently, expansionary strategy makes the degree of yield alongside value ascend in present moment, be that as it may, exclusively level of cost will ascend over the long haul (Tobin Buiter, 2013). In this manner, at a steady economy, any unsettling influence is reestablished over the long haul as appeared previously. References Bryant, F. B., Veroff, J. (2011). Relishing: another model of positive experience. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Dietl, T., Ohno, H., Matsukura, F., Cibert, J., Ferrand, D. (2012). Zener model portrayal of ferromagnetism in zinc-blende attractive semiconductors. Science, 287(5455), 1019-1022. Khoo, M. C. K., Kronauer, R. E., Strohl, K. P., Slutsky, A. S. (2014). Variables initiating occasional taking in people: a general model. Diary of Applied Physiology, 53(3), 644-659. Krugman, P. (2015). Expanding returns and financial topography (No. w3275). National Bureau of Economic Research. Pesaran, M. H. (2014). The job of financial hypothesis in demonstrating the since quite a while ago run. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 178-191. Solow, R. M. (2012). A commitment to the hypothesis of financial development. The quarterly diary of financial matters, 65-94. Tobin, J., Buiter, W. (2013). Since a long time ago run impacts of financial and money related approach on total interest (pp. 273-309). Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics at Yale University.

Society, Community, & Family Impact of Technology Research Paper - 1

Society, Community, and Family Impact of Technology - Research Paper Example Furthermore, a few methods of correspondence, for example, utilization of smoke and hooting of horns passed on wrong messages. In association with this, the paper will give point by point data on the PC and correspondence innovations along elucidating their history, improvement, use, and the states of the PC and correspondence advances when the presentation of innovation. As presented above, innovation has progressed broadly in the present society. Nearly everything in the present world is controlled by the guide of machines, for example, PCs and telephones (Nayab 1). The impact of innovation anyway is extremely broad in the field of correspondence; numerous associations have figured out how to create assorted sorts of PCs and telephones to upgrade the decrease of the entire world into a little town. The procedure of human correspondence has experienced numerous progressions throughout the years, with numerous differing way breaking creations and discoveries a lift starting with one stage then onto the next. Pictographs were the principal composing materials that were created to improve correspondence in chronicled times. These works were on strong materials, for example, stones and stayed fixed. The development of papyrus, wax and paper prompted the creation of print machine in mid fifteenth century. This creation upgraded the exchange of reports starting with one area then onto the next, permitting consistency of dialects over wide zones (Nayab 1). The most recent upheaval is the broad utilization of electronic innovation, for example, PCs and telephones. Telephones and PCs have improved the exchange of records by means of utilization of electronic waves and signals. As of now, PCs and cell phones are utilized in correspondence between individuals without worry of physical sepa ration. Individuals from various parts of the bargains additionally convey at present by means of sound, video connections, and content through guide of right equipment and programming which are results of mechanical progression. Correspondence was an incredible test before the innovation

How to Write the Williams College Supplement 2016 TKG

How to Write the Williams College Supplement 2016 By: Caroline KoppelmanImagine yourself in a tutorial at Williams. Of anyone in the world, whom would you choose to be the other student in the class, and why?  Every year there are multiple supplements that ask you to write about a person. Whether the supplement is similar to Williams, which asks you to choose a person for your class, or Barnard where you’ll have to write about having lunch with someone, this question comes up a lot. As with all supplements, there are an endless number of options.When writing your response, you must be careful about your answer. Your answer will speak volumes about you and can greatly affect your candidacy. Like your common app essay, this is an opportunity to show a part of yourself that isn’t represented anywhere else on the application. So, you want the person you choose to be unique, thought provoking, and interesting. The admission officer should initially think, “I wonder why they chose this person?” Dig deep for this question and think about authors, chefs, actors, politicians, activists, mentors, innovators, artists, leaders of NGOs or charities, or musicians who aren’t well known. Start by thinking about the things you enjoy learning, reading, and experiencing. Your answer should expose a secret passion that you have and allow the reader to understand you more. In your answer, be ready to give context and defend your choice. You want to communicate why you chose this person out of everyone in the world. Beware of being too controversial or dark in order to stand out.  Above all else, avoid the cliché people. If you’re thinking of writing about any of the following, we strongly encourage you to go back to the drawing board. Although all of these people are okay answers, they are overdone.Don’t write about:  Hillary Clinton  Beyonce  Lin-Manuel Miranda  Oprah  Rosa Parks  Your Grandma  Donald Trump  Elon Musk  Benjamin Franklin  Alexander Hamilton  Ghandi  The KardashiansHarriet Tubman  Hitler  Martin Luth er King Jr.    Kobe Bryant  Harry Potter  Albert Einstein  Warren Buffet  Barack ObamaMarilyn Monroe  Elvis Presley  Taylor Swift  Coco Chanel  George Clooney  Pablo Picasso  Alexander the Great  Tim Cook  Marie Curie  Stephen Hawking  Caitlyn JennerMalala Yousafzai  Bono

Infectious Bursal Disease Recognized A Syndrome Essay

Epidemiology Infectious bursal disease recognized a syndrome, later termed Avian nephrosis on broiler farm near the community of Gumboro Delaware U.S.A. Avian nephrosis or Gumboro disease characterized by acute morbidity and mortality (Cosgrove and Lasher., 1957). IBD rapidly spread from farm to farm (Edgar and Cho., 1961). Early workers were also confused by simultaneous infection with a typical corona virus in flock affected by the infectious bursal disease agent (Winter field and Hitchner., 1962). The prevalence of clinical IBD was reduced following the introduction of live vaccines from 1966 onwards (Edgar and Cho., 1965). The syndrome Infection bursal disease has been designated for the first time instead of Gumboro Disease when describing specific pathogenic lesion in the cloacal bursa (Hitchner., 1970). IBDV infection at early were immunosuppressive. Additional protection was provided to broilers and commercial pullets when inactivated emulsified vaccines were administered to parent flock to increase transfer of maternal antibodies to progeny (Allan et al., 1972). Control of IBD viral infection has been complicated by the recognition of variant strains of serotype I of IBDV that were found in Delmarva poultry producing area (Rosenberger et al., 1985). Variant strains as breaking through maternal immunity against standard strains and also differs fromShow MoreRelatedInfectious Bursal Disease Recognized A Syndrome Essay2028 Words   |  9 Pages Infectious bursal disease recognized a syndrome, later termed Avian nephrosis on broiler farm near the community of Gumboro Delaware U.S.A. Avian nephrosis or Gumboro disease characterized by acute morbidity and mortality (Cosgrove and Lasher., 1957). IBD rapidly spread from farm to farm (Edgar and Cho., 1961). Early workers were also confused by simultaneous infection with a typical corona virus in flock affected by the infectious bursal disease agent (Winter

The Gardening Of Poems By Mary Oliver - 864 Words

The Gardening of Poems â€Å"But now I know more/ about the great wheel of growth,/ and decay, and rebirth†(Oliver). In the poem Stanley Kunitz by Mary Oliver, the speaker talks about a man who she at first misunderstands, but then realizes the reality about him. This man is Stanley Kunitz, who was the tenth Poet Laureate of the United States, and inspired many people(Poetry Foundation). Although many admire Stanley Kunitz, Mary Oliver admired him enough to write a poem about him, and how she wants to be as great of a poet as Kunitz. Even though at first Mary Oliver had misunderstood how Kunitz would work so ethically, and almost thought it was like magic. Oliver soon realized that it wasn’t magic, it had been hard work, which had make Kunitz such a phenomenal poet. Throughout the poem Oliver describes a garden, and how hard this man works to make it beautiful, which makes sense on the surface. When looking at the deeper meaning, the poem is about how hard work pays off and creates beauti ful works of art. To start, is how Oliver had believed that Kunitz was like Merlin when it came to writing poetry. It seemed to her that Kunitz was this amazing poet and it was effortless, just like magic. For example Oliver stated, â€Å"but their own good lives,/ where petals float upward,/ their colors exploding,/ and trees open their moist/ pages of thunder(8-12). These lines in the poem had been in the first stanza, when Oliver had first misunderstood Kunitz’s work ethic. WhenShow MoreRelated Ecopsychology Essay3891 Words   |  16 PagesWhoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination, calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting- over and over announcing your place in the family of things. Wild Geese by Mary Oliver Mary Olivers (Clinebell, 1996, p.188) poem has a lot to say about the relatively new approach to conservation called ecopsychology. Ecopsychology combines the human element from psychology, with the study of how biological systems work together from ecology. A more

Biography Of Theodosius Dobzhansky s Theory Of Life On Earth

Some forty years ago, Theodosius Dobzhansky was a scientist credited with building the model of Neo-Darwinism. Science undergoes constant changes in secular theories and society about the beginning of the universe and of life on Earth, which gives way to the idea of existentialism. Through some research, I found that he is best known for one his evolution paper, called Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution. Dobzhansky states in the article his three predictions that have been disproven in the following years after its publication. These guesses include that Darwin’s theory of the tree of life will be confirmed through genetics, that biological science discoveries would focus on evolution-based work and, lastly, that Arab Sheik will always believe, contrary to scientific theory, that the Sun orbited the Earth. Nonetheless, Dobzhansky discussed several great key topics in this article. I believe that Dobzhansky’s introduction, although minimally informative, is rather like a ‘marathon’ while avoiding to discuss evolution and biology of life. He tried to pull a ‘guilt-trip’ to supporters of creationists by using the laws of planetary motion to make an invalid appeal to authority. For instance, he states, â€Å"To non-specialists most of these facts are unfamiliar,† and alludes that people should accept scientists’ ‘theory’ because they â€Å"took the time† to investigate the evidence (Dobzhansky, 1973, p. 125). Although I have a more secular opinion on the

The Evolution of Black Hair free essay sample

Abstract African-American, or Black, hair is very diverse. It ranges from extremely thin and straight, to extremely thick and curly. Throughout history, it could be seen as a gift and a curse. Hair in previous and modern times is seen as a sign of beauty, but all races are not always treated equally. Problems with identity and the struggle to conform caused many African-Americans to be ashamed of what they were born with. Even today, evidence of the struggles are still present. In the project we hope to learn how the views and opinions have changed throughout history. We would also like to educate others about African-American hair and inform them on the common misconceptions. Ms. Miller Social Studies 8 March 2012 The Evolution of African American Hair African-American hair has a history as long as the term itself. From desperate attempts to cope to an inability to maintain, Africans and African-Americans, when it came to hair, were seemingly â€Å"forced† into hiding or altering their hair to conform to what society saw, at the time, as â€Å"normal†. What made life that much easier at the time, made it a struggle to break away from that dependence or constant attempt to be normal or to fit in. In a world today where individuality is just beginning to be embraced, people must look back in history to see where some of the stereotypes and feelings come from, so that they may understand why people do the things that they do. The first African slaves were brought into Jamestown in 1619, but soon after, African language, culture, and grooming habits began to disappear. Without the privilege of access to hair grooming tools, items like butter, kerosene, and bacon grease were used as conditioners and cleaners (Naturallycurly. com). These products were usually excess items that the slave owner, or master, didn’t use in his home. Pictures from this period would depict female Africans or African-Americas with scarves or cloth on their heads. Several sources say that they were symbols of enslavement and subordination. In fact, there were laws passed in the South that said female slaves must wear the head wraps. Other sources say that it was a misconstrued sign of rebellion, adapted from African culture (The African American Womans Headwrap: Unwinding the Symbols). While the head wraps protected the hair from the elements and protected them from lice, they bonded them to slavery. With nothing to care for their hair, they covered it up to hide it. The pressure to change didn’t stop there. Slaves with lighter skin and straighter hair were worth more at auctions. This led many to believe that the slaves with darker skin and curlier hair were less attractive and worth less. Although several years after the end of slavery, skin bleaching products were released. African-Americans, who styled their hair like, or closely resembled, white people, were respected even though they were not seen as equals. The end of slavery bought new challenges for everyone, and the same feelings and views associated with African or African-American people before, were still there (A Look Back at the Black Hair Story). Hiding out of embarrassment did not last too long. Garrett Augustus Morgan, the child of two former slaves, noticed that certain chemicals he used at the clothing factory he worked at could not only straighten fabric, but also hair (Taylor). After his first successful live experiments, first on the naturally curly fur of an Airedale dog and later on himself, he opened the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company in 1913 and began to straighten hair in his home workshop. The chemicals he used were very strong could never touch human skin. The alkaline and lye chemical mixture strips the hair of proteins and removes the curl permanently. In order to maintain the chemically straightened hair, the relaxer would have to be reapplied every six weeks, or every time the curly hair began to grow back. Stemming from the time of slavery, many African-Americans found it hard to manage their hair. Relaxers supposedly made their hair more â€Å"manageable† and caused them to be widely accepted. Years later, African-Americans who used relaxers saw the harmful effects that lye had on their hair. It could cause burns, hair thinning, and hair and skin loss. No-lye relaxers were made to reduce those results. In relaxers today, chemicals a lot less than harmful lye, such as potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide are used. Despite the harmful effects, African-American women who styled their hair like white women, whether it was with chemical straighteners or straightening combs, were seen as â€Å"well-adjusted† and more widely accepted in the white community although African-Americans even though blacks were not seen as equals (Little-Known Black History Fact: Hair Relaxer). Years later, in the twentieth century, the nineteen-sixties were a time of change or transition. In the early part of the decade, the Black community still tried hard to be accepted, or to feel normal. The surge of Civil Rights and â€Å"Black power† fuelled a sort of rebellion for many Black people. Relaxers fell out of style, and many African-American leaders urged people to return to their â€Å"roots†. Black pride was centered on political and social issues, but it could be evident in appearance. Many African-American men and women began to â€Å"go natural† and wear their hair in large afros. The afro was not an only a political symbol, but also a huge milestone in fashion. Soon after this style came to be, many white people began to copy the style as well. The tables had turned. Instead of looking for normalcy or acceptance in the way the blacks wore their hair, it was the other way around. This marked a huge step in the acceptance of African-American independence and their hair (Civil Rights New Zealand). People from all races began to go natural, but the question is â€Å"what is natural hair? † The answer is clear and simple. Whenever a person is born their hair is natural. Natural hair can have no curl, a slight curl, or be completely curly as long as the texture it is not chemically altered. After Garret Morgan invented the relaxer, several African-Americans, men and women, straightened their hair permanently to be accepted by the white community. After their hair was previously straightened, it was no longer natural. Even though they had a relaxer applied, their hair would always grow back curly even if the hair that was relaxed never did. So basically, if they stopped getting a relaxer, the straight hair would remain, but their naturally curly hair would grow from the roots. Many, though, did not stop there. Several African-Americans continued to get a relaxer to maintain the straighter look. The Civil Rights and Black Power era caused many African-Americans to stop getting relaxers, or to â€Å"go natural†. Whenever they felt they were ready, they would cut of the straight, relaxed and let the rest of the curly hair grow. At the time black natural hair was a trend, a large part of fashion during the time, but like every trend it had to come to an end (The Truth About Hair Relaxers). Hair extensions have had a checkered history in the African-American community. Women of all races have used wigs, weaves, and other types of extensions, but there is sometimes a certain stigma tied with them and African-American women. Hair weaves are applied by braiding the hair and long wefts or tracks of hair are sewn with needle and thread to the braid. The hair can be human, synthetic, long, short, straight, or curly. Most of the controversy comes from this. Some women African-American women wear weaves all the time so that they can look more professional and others wear them for convenience. Some will even wear them for the transitioning to natural period. Many women are penalized for wearing weaves or extensions of any kind because others see them as fake. Weaves or extensions are one of the most common forms of hair styling seen in the African-American, or Black, community, almost tying with braiding with extensions (Fashion-Era. com). Now that African Americans have gone through these changes and experiences through the years how has it changed since today’s era? The twenty-first century brought new changes to the way the African-American hair was viewed. The Civil Rights era was a huge leap towards equality, and even though people of all races still fight towards equality every day, it was an important part in America’s history. However, history does tend to repeat itself. The relaxer made its way back into African-American homes. Many people believed that natural hair was, once again, unmanageable and unprofessional. Also, pressure from friends of other races to be more â€Å"normal† could push African-American women to straighten their hair. The end of the decade, however, brought new changes. More and more people are â€Å"going natural†, and proving the stereotypes wrong. This will produce a whole new generation of African-American females with new feelings and ideas about their own hair. America was built on the principles of opportunities and freedom from persecution. Anyone who knows American history knows it was never that easy. Even today, equality in all aspects of life is a goal we will always try to obtain. The past is full of memories, some that we may not remember, ones that we cannot forget, and even those that we are ashamed of, but in order to learn to make a better present and promising future, we must remember the past (Black Hair). Conclusion Learning about the history of African-American hair and how it has evolved was a tough, but interesting process. The history was filled with struggle. The struggle to become what was believed to be normal, and the struggle to break away from it. We were surprised to find out what products were used during the slave era and also that many other races began to copy the afro during the Black Power Movement. We were amazed at the transformation African-American hair has gone through throughout the years. We hope that our project will enlighten others, just as it has enlightened us.

Herpes Essay Research Paper Viruses are infectious free essay sample

Herpes Essay, Research Paper Viruss are infective agents found in about all life signifiers. The viruses are made up either of Deoxyribonucleic acid or RNA, surrounded by a mirid bug, a protein coat. Viruss are between 20 and 100 times smaller than bacteriums, or about 450 nanometres ( .000014 ) , being the largest, to 30 nanometres ( 0.000001 in. ) being the smallest which make them virtually impossible to be seen by light microscopes. Viruss frequently damage or even kill the cells they infect. They reproduce by let go ofing their nucleocapsid, or a transcript of their Deoxyribonucleic acid, into the cell. In the cell, the virus replicates itself through a series of events, which subsequently produce the new viruses which either putting to death or damage the cell they need to reproduce. Bacterias are micro-organisms that lack the internal cell membranes that other cells do. Bacteria are connected to the lives of all beings, they either aid or harm the being they are in. We will write a custom essay sample on Herpes Essay Research Paper Viruses are infectious or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bacterias are made up of DNA which have a round agreement. They can travel about by scourge, which are capillary extensions, and can attach themselves to little objects known as pili. Bacterias are normally about 1 micrometer ( .00004 in. ) in length. Single bacteria can non be seen with the bare oculus, but can be seen with a microscope, while a whole settlement of bacteriums can be seen with the bare oculus. The bacteriums are normally rod shaped, and they reproduce asexually, in which a transcript of the Deoxyribonucleic acid is made, and so the outer membrane of the bacteria begins to turn inward and divides the bacteria into two indistinguishable cells. Three of the many bacterial viruses consist of diseases such as splenic fever, pox, and gonorrhoea. Anthrax is caused by bacteria B anthracis, which is a type of bacteriums. It causes rise of organic structure temperatu rhenium, trembling, or even decease. The disease has a vaccinum made of civilization filtrte. Syphilis is caused by spiral-shaped bacteriums that penetrates the mucous secretion membranes in the organic structure. It causes a painless, ruddy sore. Syphilis can be treated by the antibiotic, penicillin. Another diseases is gonorrhoea, which is caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. It causes discharges from the phallus, vagina, or rectum. It besides causes a sore pharynx. It can be treated by penicillin. Three of many viral diseases consist of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, dandy fever febrility, and infantile paralysis. Ebola is a really unsafe virus that is caused by the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus. The chief symptoms consist of febrility, failing, musculus hurting, concern and a sore pharynx. Dengue febrility is caused by Aedess albopoctus. It # 8217 ; s symptoms are fever, concerns, eye-aches, hurting in the musculuss and the articulations, runny olfactory organ, and skin roseolas. There is no remedy for this disease. Finally, infantile paralysis is caused by the infantile paralysis virus. It # 8217 ; s symptoms are fatigue, concern, febrility, irregularity, diarrhoea, and hurting. You can forestall this virus by inoculation. I think that viruses cause a greater hazard to worlds because the viruses reproduce really quickly, and there are non many things to forestall it. Another thing is that it # 8217 ; s symptoms are much more life endangering, like dandy fever febrility, and there is non a really good manner to halt reproduction, while on the other manus, in bacterial infections, you can take antibiotics which destroy the bacterium # 8217 ; s membrane, which help your immune system to kill it of. Another thing is that viruses evolve really speedy at germinating, for illustration, the HIV virus was thought to hold been evolved by a monkey disease. So I think that viruses pose more of a menace because they are really fast evolvers, and really difficult to happen inoculations for them.

Goss vs. Lopez †Law Essay

Goss vs. Lopez – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers Goss vs. Lopez Law Essay Removing students from school without a hearing is always a last resort. Although this may be the case now, just a few years back it was not. On October 16, 1974, the Supreme Court argued a case that would change the methods of suspension and expulsion forever. â€Å"In 1971 widespread student unrest took place in the Columbus, Ohio public schools. Students who either participated in, or were present at, demonstrations held on school grounds were suspended. Many suspensions were for a period of 10 days. Students were not given a hearing before suspension, although later some students and their parents were given informal conferences with the school principal. Ohio law provides free education to all children between the ages of 6 and 21. A number of students, through their parents, sued the board of education, claiming that their right to due process had been violated when they were suspended without a hearing.† On October 16, 1974, the case of Goss v. Lopez began its proceedings. The case was an appeal from the United States District Court of the Southern District of Ohio. In this case, nine students from two high schools and one junior high school were suspended from their schools for misconduct. The administrative personnel from th ese schools did not hold hearings with the students or their parents prior to taking action. This violates the students’ right to the fourteenth amendment by denying them due process. In addition, the Ohio laws at this time did not require them to hold hearings before suspending or expelling public schools students. The Ohio public schools students argued that by Ohio school â€Å"having chosen to extend the right to an education to people of the appellees’ class generally, Ohio may not withdraw that right on the grounds of misconduct.† Moreover, with this being said the students wanted the school officials to realize not only were they punishing them in their high school careers but more so punishing the students in their later educational plans and employment opportunities. The main arguing point of the case was did the suspensions without a hearing violate the students’ fourteenth amendment right to due process? â€Å"The Court recognized the complexity of schools and the difficult task of school administrators but held that, although there may well be flexibility in what constitutes a hearing, The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity to be heard. The total exclusion from the educational process for more than a trivial period, and certainly if t he suspension is for 10 days, is a serious event in the life of the suspended child. The Court also iterated that the due process clause does not shield the child from properly imposed suspension and that the timing and nature of the hearing may well be determined by the specific circumstances of each case to assure the safety and rights of all. The Court suggested that punitive measures beyond a 10-day period may well call for more formal hearings, but nonetheless, a suspension for up to 10 days must include the rudiments of procedural due process.† ( Permuth 32-33) The court found that with a five to four decision that the students’ rights had been violated. Mr. Justice White delivered the opinion of the court stating that the students’ rights of due process given in the fourteenth amendment had been violated. The administrators and school officials were instructed to remove all referencing of these temporary suspensions from the students records. Along with the students’ record clearing the precedent for future cases was set in place. The precedent states that the principal may suspend a student for misconduct for up to ten days or expel. Whether he does either one, he must notify the pupil’s parents within twenty- four hours and provide the reasoning for his decision to suspend of expel the student. Research Papers on Goss vs. Lopez - Law EssayStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

The history and legacy of the slave trade and its economic, social and Essay

The history and legacy of the slave trade and its economic, social and cultural impact on the Northwest region of England - Essay Example erscored that the pre-industrialization era encouraged the slave trade as slaves were used mainly in agriculture and other sectors requiring manual labor. The emergence of colonialists also played a significant role since colonies, particularly in Africa, were rich sources of human merchandise. In Europe, Britain rivaled Spain and Portugal in the slave trade. The discovery of the New World was central to this that is why the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were said to be the centuries of trade, as the nineteenth century was the century of production. The â€Å"triangular trade† was the culmination, placing the slave trade as a major engine behind the enormous rise in world trade. Eric Williams and Colin Palmer wrote about this in the book called, Capitalism and Slavery: In this triangular trade England – France and Colonial America – equally supplied the exports and the ships; Africa the human merchandise; the plantations the colonial raw materials. The slave ship sailed from the home country with a cargo of manufactured goods. These were exchanged at a profit on the coast of Africa for Negroes, who were traded on the plantations, at another profit, in exchange for a cargo of colonial produce to be taken back to the home country. (p. 51-52) The Northwestern part of England, particularly the town of Liverpool, is a major slaving port, with its ships and merchants lording over the Atlantic trade. â€Å"The precise reasons for Liverpools dominance of the trade are still debated by historians. Some suggest that Liverpool merchants were being pushed out of the other Atlantic trades, such as sugar and tobacco. Others claim that the towns merchants were more enterprising. A significant factor was the ports position with ready access via a network of rivers and canals to the goods traded in Africa - textiles from Lancashire and Yorkshire, copper and brass from Staffordshire and Cheshire and guns from Birmingham.† (National Museum Liverpool) It is hence, not

Sustainable design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable design - Assignment Example The world is on the verge of celebrating Earth Day on 22nd April with different organization, each doing its own bit for pampering Mother Nature. Being an environment- concerned interior designer my ‘things-to-do-list’ for the next six to twelve months encompasses starting a sustainable design blog, posting invigorating comments pertaining to ‘going green’ on various social community networking sites such as Face Book and MySpace and arranging a series of get-togethers with a few more like-minded design students for sharing each other’s resources and ideas regarding sustainable building. My blog on sustainable design, which I am targeting to put up on Word Press by the end of May, will primarily throw light on U.S. Green Building Council (UGBC) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). This will be an endeavour in educating those in construction and interior designing about the significance and the role of the sustainable designing authorities thereby enabling them to understand the reason for getting certified by them. A draft of the same is as follows: According to the U.S. Green Building Council, an association of over 2,000 owners, architects, designers, contractors, engineers, commodity manufacturers and other fascinated units, almost 5% of all U.S. commercial construction is seeking for certification from Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System (Kelly 2004). The council has set specific standards for high-performance, green buildings which are recognized at certified silver, gold or platinum levels in accordance to their abilities to meet the requirements (Kelly 2004). While allotting points the six principle areas that are verified are sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental creativity in design and eminence (Kelly 2004). Of these the

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification Essay Example for Free

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification Essay A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Final Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Business In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Business Administration By Abstract of Thesis A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification By Problem In response to the raising awareness of damage to the environment, a series of standards for environmental management systems called The ISO 14000 was introduced in 1996. It provides guidelines on the ingredients that an environmental management should necessarily posses and also on the supporting technologies. These standards were not so specific as regards to how it should be done rather it more emphasizes on what should be done. ISO 14000 is an environmental management standards designed to guarantee products and services to cover the minimum environmental impact. The ISO 14000 series takes the international standards system to the field of environmental concerns. ISO 14001 focuses on the development and maintenance of an Environmental Management System, within the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of relatively recent origin, having been instituted in 1991. However, it has emerged as a significant force within a short time. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of business, for governments and regulators, for organizations that work not-for-profit and for entities of all types and sizes, wherever they may be. Its universal nature makes it a unique and dominant system for all people who are concerned with pollution, waste and about the consumption of resources that are limited and which cannot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. Training people and involving them in key processes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system. The rigors of certification serve to develop human resources. It can serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth hard cash. ISO 14001 puts great pressure to bear on achieving productivity improvements that translate to valuable cost savings. Major international corporations enjoy impressive profit growth through the ISO 14000 series. All ISO certifications carry the benefits of independent and international recognition. ISO extension in to the field of environmental concerns through the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that produce hazardous substances and which generate enormous amounts of waste. Customers everywhere have the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certifications. Companies may find themselves excluded from significant market segments if they continue to ignore or to avoid ISO 14000. Some organizations may find themselves out of business if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple leads a galaxy of the world’s most respected enterprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a cornerstone of competitive strategy. Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can have welcome economic benefits, apart from noble achievements in terms of environmental conservation. Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since power generation can be both expensive as well as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the part of all entities that seek certification. The system consumes major portions of employee time. ISO 14000 becomes a major element of cost, though it does produce handsome returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly structured implementation procedure. There is comprehensive documentation widely available that any organization can use to enter the system. Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to guide them through the process. Independent auditors are inevitable. External auditors must be knowledgeable, experienced and accredited. ISO 14000 has important weaknesses. Loss of proprietary information is the most serious risk. Certified companies may find that their defenses have been compromised in the event of litigation. This arises from the documentation and management reviews that are integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations free to choose their own goals, priorities and standards. It therefore lends itself to potential abuse by organizations that may push important social concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 requires. The benefits may therefore evade small enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation needs can also duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit infrastructure is inadequate for widespread and global application of ISO 14000. Some organizations, especially in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 confines itself to the environment. It does not consider issues of human wellness. There are many community concerns that ISO 14000 does not address. It is not a guarantee of ethical performance of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk management without opening the firm to unwelcome public scrutiny. As stated ISO 14000 can prove to be a significant undertaking that can task the resources of any size organization, if the task is undertaken correctly and managed well the benefits will outweigh the costs in many ways, from financial to organizational image. Method The Historical/Case study method is used in this thesis. The study consists of real life cases gathered from, various sources. These cases are evaluated for relevance as well as content. Cases used will be from varying sizes and types of organizations, public and private as well as local and international. Further research analysis by overview of the statistical research methods, selection of the sample and descriptive statistics is also used in this thesis as a corroborative evidence to substantiate the findings of this thesis. Conclusion This study has shown that ISO 14000 certification can tax the resources of organizations, but in the majority of cases the end result has proven that the benefits of certification exceed the costs. The study of the data presented has demonstrated that, for most organizations, not implementing ISO 14000 can be much more costly than implementation. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility as stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Table of Contents Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY AND INTRODUCTION 6 Statement of the Problem 7 Purpose of the Study 10 Scope of the Study 11 Rationale of the Study 12 Definition of Terms 12. Overview of the Study 17 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction 21 2. 2 The Sustainability Imperative for Environmental Management 23 2. 3 Image Incentives for Environmental Management 25 2. 4 The Lines of Business 30 2. 5 Implemental aspects 31 2. 6 ISO 14000 and Global Trends 31 2. 7 ISO 14001 and Profits 34 2. 8 ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business 37 2. 9 ISO 14001 and Building Projects 39 2. 10 ISO 14001 and Equator Principles 40 2. 11 SME Experience with ISO 14001 41 2. 12 Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems 44 2. 13 What is it? 46 2. 14 Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 50 2. 15 ISO 14001 for International Corporations 53 2. 16 ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions 58 2. 17 Detailing Product Life Cycles 58 2. 18 Specific Benefits That Business Can Expect From ISO 63 2. 19 ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000 65 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Approach 66 Data Gathering Method 67 Data Base of Study 68 Validity of Data 68 Originality and Limitation of Data 69 Summary 70 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC 71 4. 2 ELI LILLY 72 4. 3 Beyond Compliance by Baxter and Eli Lilly. 74 4. 3. 1 EPA ‘s 33 / 50 program 74. 4. 3. 2 Responsible Care Compliance 75 4. 3. 3 Green Products 75 4. 3. 4 Environment Audits 76 4. 4 An analysis of Environment compliance by Baxter and Lilly. 76 4. 5 Policy Dynamics 76 4. 6 Baxter International Inc and Environment Compliance 77 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 4 Baxter Historical Performance as reported in 1997 81 4. 6. 5 Baxter’s Environment Program through year 2010 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 6. 9 The Toxic Release Inventory and the 33/50 Program by Baxter and Lilly. 85 4. 7 Baxter and Lilly ISO 14000 -Response 86 4. 8 Blue Scope Steel and ISO 14000 86 4. 9 ISO 14000 Rockwell Automation, Twinsburg –Ohio 87 4. 10 Plasti Color -Ohio 88 4. 11 Xerox Corporation 88 4. 12 IBM 88 4. 13 Carter Holt Harvey Tissue –New Zealand 89 4. 14 3M Corporation 89 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 16 Coca-Cola 95 4. 17 Research Approach Methodological of Sample Collection 98 4. 18 Methods of Resources 98 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 Chapter 5 SUMMARY , RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS 105 REFERENCES 118 List of Table and Charts Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 4 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82. 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Case Study Chapter 1 Importance of the study and Introduction Several industries are trying very hard to change their public image as environmentally â€Å"unfriendly†. The oil industry with its need to seek more sources, often in wilderness areas, chemical companies which have in the past legally dumped toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large gas guzzling SUV’s and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very powerful and a company does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly. Frequency of industrial accidents and media publicities such as the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) highlighted the environmental consequences of unfettered industrialization . Respecting the public concerns; the United States Congress has made several laws stipulating environmental standards and technologies for manufacturing companies. Only after Rio Summit in 1992, the policy makers seem to have acceded the fact that the governmental coercion alone will not bring any success and right incentives must be provided to the industries. In recent years, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched voluntary beyond –compliance programs such as Green Lights, Project XL and 33/50. The ISO 14000 certification system can be used as a tool to not just say that are concerned about the environment, but to show what you have been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your bottom line, both direct and indirect. As more and more of these companies will seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification and they require suppliers to do so as well. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. It is known that large corporations invest in registrations, often under duress from social activists. But is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be purely business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seeks to answer. Statement of the Problem The problem; organizations have a need to show environmental stewardship but what is the cost of doing so and how so they justify the cost to management and/or shareholders. Today companies and organizations face many financial challenges and to survive in the global economy they must be fiscally responsible. There is also a need to be considered environmentally responsible and perceived as such. The ISO 14OOO series specifies beyond –compliance management systems . These standards have been sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization, a Geneva -based non governmental organization . ISO 14000 could be viewed as an industrial code of practice that needs to be certified by external auditors. Currently such certification costs about $ 20000 per facility. The cost has acted as a barrier for many financially weak corporations to have the ISO 14000 Certification for their facilities. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan and New York University, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility and stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Most companies still have a choice whether to obtain certification or not and the best illustration for this is Baxter International Inc and Eli Lilly , a U. S based multinational Companies , the details are discussed in the Research Analysis chapter in this thesis. However, more and more must obtain certification to maintain their status in the supply chains of other companies. To ensure suppliers are meeting environmental benchmarks, manufacturers such as General Motors Corp, Ford Motor Co, DaimlerChrysler, IBM, Xerox, Honda Corporation, Toyota are requiring suppliers to be ISO 14001 certified. Generating environmentally damaging emissions and waste is often an indication of an un-optimized production process, and manufacturers that implement ISO 14001 requirements can realize improvements in efficiency and profitability and retain their positions in OEM supply chains†. (Susan Gilbert-Miller n. d). It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to fuel the shift towards certification as proof of doing so. In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a companys environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to show a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. The direct cost of certification can range from a few thousand dollars for a small facility to hundreds of thousands for larger companies and millions for international companies. Presenting the business case for certification will be much easier if the benefits and cost reduction are included as part of the presentation. Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting services and other resources available at a cost, to help companies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In order to receive funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. Even if your company is capable of going through the process without any outside resources there are still direct and indirect costs associated with the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit. You will have to buy materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training will be required for employees and management. The purpose is to show that the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, but also how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is increasingly important in today’s global economy. Scope of the Study The majority of the top 100 companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The same trend exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the movement towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become certified and to maintain that certification. This will be done through case studies of companies that have already achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways. The main focus being that it makes good business sense, and the justification thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with tertiary scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process. Rationale of the Study While a lot companies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not. One of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to attempt certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the appointed SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their current â€Å"to do† list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thorough study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R. O. I. (Return On Investment). This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R. O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the maintenance of the certification. Definition of Terms Climate change: An alteration to measured quantities (e. g. precipitation, temperature, radiation, wind and cloudiness) within the climate system that departs significantly from previous average conditions and is seen to endure, bringing about corresponding changes to ecosystems and socio-economic activity. Associated with greenhouse gas emissions, of which fossil fuel combustion and forest decline are contributors. Code of Federal Regulations: United Stated Code of Regulations, commonly referred to as CFR is a publication established by and Act of Congress. It documents all regulations issued by federal administrative agencies that have â€Å"general applicability and legal effect. † Ecological or Environmental sustainability: This entails maintaining an ecosystem an adjacent ecosystem at the same or higher levels as the ecosystem in question to be able to maintain its productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal. It requires that forest management respects, and builds on, natural processes. EMAS: Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, In Europe the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was created and many European countries made implementation of EMAS mandatory for many large manufacturing facilities. EMAS and ISO 14001 are not very different; EMAS has two significant elements more than ISO 14001, namely a baseline environmental assessment and a public environmental performance report. Environmental Aspect: An element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the environment, whether it be in a positive of negative manner. Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organizations activities, products or services. Gap Analysis: One of the initial steps in successful implementation of ISO 14000 is gap analysis. The gap analysis looks at a facility’s written programs, policies, and procedures to see how they compare to the requirements of ISO 14000. Once this analysis is complete a guideline will be established to bring them into compliance to prepare for certification Global Warming: The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near the Earths surface is warming, without any implications for the cause or magnitude. This warming is one of many kinds of climate change that the Earth has gone through in the past and will continue to go through in the future. ISO 14000: ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts. The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the environmental activities of organizations. Adherence to these standards is voluntary. The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling environmental issues within an organization. The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan-Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle. The Plan cycle deals with the beginning stages of an organization becoming ISO 14001-compliant. The Check cycle deals with checking and correcting errors. The Do cycle is the implementation and operation of the ISO 14001 standard within an organization. The Review cycle is a review of the entire process by the organizations top management. And the Improve cycle is a cycle that never ends as an organization continually finds ways to improve their EMS. The entire process can take several months to several years depending on the size of the organization. If an organization is already ISO 9000-certified, the implementation of ISO 14001 does not take as long. When an organization is compliant, they can either register with a third-party registrar or self-declare their compliance. The ISO 14001 standard is the only ISO 14000 standard that allows an organization to be registered. ISO 9000: ISO 9000 is a series of standards, developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The ISO 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. Kyoto Protocol: It is a pact agreed on by governments at a United Nations Conference in Kyoto, Japan 1997 to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries by 5. 2 percent of 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. Eighty-four countries have signed the pact and 40 of have ratified it, according to U. N. data. Only one country, which has an emissions target, Romania, has ratified to date. LCA: Life-Cycle Assessment is a systematic approach used to manage the environmental impacts of products and service systems, and it is applied at several levels. It tracks the entire life cycle of a product from inception to disposal and looks for environmental impact throughout and how that can be reduced. Lean Manufacturing: Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale (Lean Manufacturing, n. d). Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to define the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000. While ISO 14000 will be the primary focus, other EMS systems will also be discussed as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and interviews with others in the field. This study will attempt to provide methods for justification of perusing certification. It will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The Ethical Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns during our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th century. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect. Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, developing economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market access drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standards. Pollution, use of hazardous substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the effects of landfills can be equally devastating. Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects. Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can surface after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The awareness among the public regarding pollution and hazardous material is of high now-a-days. There was protest in India during January, 2006 against the French government’s decision to send a decommissioned battleship and military air craft carrier† Clemenceau â€Å"allegedly containing toxic wastes to a ship-breaking yard at Alang on the Coast of Gujarat ,in India. Green peace activists claimed the ship was loaded with hundreds of tones of toxic wastes, including 500 tones of asbestos alone and it was a violation of international Basel convention on trade of hazardous materials. Greenpeace activists claimed that â€Å"Clemenceau† is French property containing hazardous waste on ship and can not allowed to dump this hazardous waste in India . Yielding to the pressure , the French Government finally recalled its decision to scrap the ship in India . The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have made people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may involve the use of hazardous substances. Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of infection and contamination. This matter also leads to consideration of packaging materials that have been traditionally taken for granted. Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while plastic has acquired a notorious image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. Mercury and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. Clean water has been in acute shortage in many parts of the third world for some time now, but even developed economies have begun to worry about large-scale use of this precious resource, Ground water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage much popular attention. Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints. However, government, social service organizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and indelible ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. It may be concluded that there is a strong ethical foundation for environmental concerns. All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reducing or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions. The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it soon become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 2. 1 Introduction Business survival in today’s global economy is difficult at best. Today business’ look for advantage in every possible area and lean manufacturing programs like Six Sigma with its belts levels to parallel karate, Kaizen, 5S and many others have become not just popular but an integral part of maintaining and doing business. How does an Environmental Management System fit into the â€Å"Lean Culture† of business? That is the question that will be studied in this paper through the review of related literature, case studies, interviews, technical periodicals and Internet sources. An overview of lean manufacturing concepts will be given with the focus on integrating an E. M. S. into a companies existing lean program or as part of the implementation of a lean program. While other Environmental Management Systems will be referenced, I. S. O 14000 case studies and statistics will be used in this study. In the United States and the rest of the world I. S. O. 14000 is a recognized standard for Environmental Management Systems, much the same as ISO 9000 is for quality systems. The literature reviewed in this paper was selected for relevance to either a single topic, Lean Manufacturing, I. S. O. 14000 or the integration of the EMS into the lean manufacturing system and will be reviewed in that order. By the process of lean manufacturing, Toyota, the world greatest manufacturer, consistently makes the highest quality cars with the fewest defects of any competing manufacturer by using fewer man-hours, less on-hand inventory and half the floor space of its competitors.

U.s Monetary Policy In 1995 :: essays research papers

U.S Monetary Policy in 1995 When Alan Greenspan presented the Federal Reserve's semi-annual report on monetary policy to the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, and the U.S. House of Representatives on February, Dr. Greenspan touted a cautionary yet favorable view of the U.S. economy. He states that "With inflationary pressures apparently receding, the previous degree of restraint in monetary policy was no longer deemed necessary, and the FOMC consequently implemented a small reduction in reserve market pressures last July." (Greenspan, 1996, Speech) During the Summer and Fall of 1995, the economy experienced a strengthening of aggregate demand growth. According to Greenspan, this increase in aggregate demand brought finished goods inventories and sales into near equilibrium. The Fed's fine tuning of the economy seemed to be paying off. Greenspan had a positive outlook for the economy for the rest of 1995. He states "the economy, as hoped has moved onto a trajectory that could be maintained--one less steep than in 1994, when the rate of growth was clearly unsustainable, but one that nevertheless would imply continued significant growth and incomes." (Greenspan, 1996, Speech) Towards the end of the year, the economy showed signs of slowing. Fearing a prolonged slowdown or even a recession in the economy, and with inflationary expectations waning, Chairman Greenspan and the Federal Reserve cut rates again in December. (Greenspan, 1996, Speech) There are, of course, critics of 1995's monetary policy. Most of the criticism came in the early part of 1995 when the Fed raised rates again. In the article "Are We Losing Altitude Too Fast" from the May 1, 1995 issue of Time magazine written by John Greenwald, he explains that the economy might not be coming in for a "soft landing" like the fed predicts. Trying to sustain 2 to 3 percent growth might lead us into a recession. Mr. Greenwald explains how the Fed's actions in 1994 and early 1995 has hurt individuals and the economy as a whole. "Corporate layoffs are far from over," says Greenwald, "they generally accelerate when firms find themselves in an economy that is weakening." (Greenwald, Time, 5/1/95, p80) Unemployment and layoffs aren't the only thing to worry about according to Mr. Greenwald. The automobile industry and the housing markets are both getting hit in the pocket books. Paul Speigel, owner of a New York car dealership explains his woes by saying '"We're doing our best to keep up the volume by discounting, working on our customers, but the Fed's rate hikes have dampened the ability of many Chevrolet customers to buy that new vehicle."' John Tuccillo, chief economist for the National Association of Realtors states

Kahuna Cleaning Supply Essay

Collusion and cheating is considered to be a very serious issue and all assignments will be closely monitored to ensure that all students are submitting their own work. This ensures that all students are treated fairly and graded on their own knowledge and work. It is acceptable to discuss course content with others to improve your understanding and clarify requirements however you must not discuss the actual assignment solution and the solutions to assignment questions must be done on your own. You must not copy from anyone, including tutors and fellow students, nor provide copies of your work to others. Assignments that do not adhere to this requirement will be deemed as being the result of collusion or cheating. This may lead to severe academic penalties as outlined in the Student Academic Regulation Misconduct policy found at. It is your own responsibility to ensure the integrity of your work. It is recommended that you use passwords to protect your files and ensure that others a re unable to access your work. All assignments must be submitted in electronic form via the link on the Study Desk by the due date. Ensure that you read the extension guidelines for this course as posted onto the course Study Desk. Only requests that fall within the specified guidelines will be considered. Do not assume that all extension requests will be approved.

Summary Of Dinner Party Economics Written By Eveline

In this report, we will be taking a look in Dinner Party Economics written by Eveline Adomait and Richard Maranta. Specifically, we will be looking at Chapters eleven and twelve; Macroeconomic policy and inevitable political debate. Hello its me gka d shk gd h gd hj gusg Let us first dive into chapter eleven about macroeconomic policy. The big picture in this chapter is that policy matters. Some big questions and ideas we should have from this chapter are: 1) Who is in charge?-â€Å"what can a government do (if anything) to change its country’s economic circumstances? What are the tools of the trade, so to speak?† (page 146) 2) What is your problem? Before we even think about what policies are in effect and should be in effect for certain†¦show more content†¦It considers how we can measure the economy and the ways to do so. When evaluating our problem, we must take in mind the measure of what is at stake. We conduct measurements of the economy and all that we need to be able to get the full picture and get the absolute best information to make the best and most accurate decision. From that step, it will give us a clearer picture of whether we should take the ‘wait and see’ step or the ‘at your discretion’ step. One final things that connects to the subject of policy is what is in chapter four. Chapter four talks about money as the main topic. What interested me is the conversation between the students at the beginning of the chapter (page 27). Money is such a general thing that can be looked at, spent and used in so many different ways. Even a group of similar people (students in university), can have such different ideas of money because of the way they live, grew up and were taught and handled money. Many policies involve money. If so many people have such different ideals when it comes to money, are policies fair? Well I guess you could look at that question as one of the roles of policy. To bring fairness to the economy. Now to jump into chapter twelve; inevitable political debate. There a truly going to be endless and infinite amounts of political debates for as long as we shall live here on this earth. Everyone one has an opinion, especially when it comes to society,